The public cellular network may not be able to reach particular areas, leaving some corporations' service areas not properly covered, especially in indoor, underground, and remote areas. The enhanced wireless network deployments are expected to resolve these issues and improve the services for corporations administrating these areas. 

The public wireless network capacity may not be able to meet the high demand of dense wireless networks. These situations especially happen in manufacturing sites, stadiums, transportation centers, and other areas with dense wireless IoT devices or mobile phones. Network congestion often happens and these issues need solutions for related corporations.

The particular needs include ultra-low latency networks in the industries of manufacturing, transportation, and energy. At manufacturing factories, automated equipment requires ultra-low latency networks. In the transportation industry, autonomous vehicles require ultra-low latency wireless connectivity. In the smart grid, the automated power grid switches require ultra-low latency networks. 

5G millimeter-wave signals' high attenuation in urban environments, requiring technologies to expand coverage, reduce base station density, and lower overall development and maintenance costs. Beamforming is broadly adopted in 5G and next-generation 6G systems, to concentrate radio frequency energy into a focused, directional beam. This targeted approach significantly extends the transmission range of high-frequency signals, penetrates obstacles more effectively, and improves connection for mobile users.

Compared with 5G beamforming phased-array antennas, the 6G standardization is discussing very large scale phased-array antennas in the scale of 1K-4K analog antenna elements in the basestation. This design requires hybrid beamforming scheme to be highly efficient in generating the analog and digital beamforming weightings for this scale of analog phased arrays.  

The maximum 20 Gbps downlink and 10 Gbps uplink physical layer in 5G, and baseline 36 Gbps up to 100Gbps downlink and 18 Gbps uplink up to 50Gps throughput in 6G, all require ultra-low-latency physical layer signal processing receiver and channel code decoder designs in the basestation to meet demanding throughput requirements. 

Cloudy and rainfall conditions can seriously deteriorate both the uplink and downlink LEO satellite transmission data rates in Ka band of 18GHz to 30 GHz, and Ku band of 12GHz to 14 GHz.  The signals in L band of 1.5GHz to 1.7 GHz and S band of 2.0GHz to 2.2 GHz are less sensitive to weather conditions; however, the bandwidth at L/S bands of 5MHz -20MHz are much smaller than Ka/Ku band 50MHz to 400MHz bandwidth.

The uplink data rates in practical deployed 5G NTN systems are significantly lower than downlink especially for handheld phones. This data rate bottleneck is due to transmitting power of handheld phones of normally less than 1 W, and the large attenuation from phone to the LEO satellites of 300km to 600km away.

Given the satellite orbital speed of 7.7km/s, the Doppler values at L and S bands are ranging from 40 kHz to 60 kHz, and the Doppler values at Ka/Ku bands are ranging from 360 kHz to 770 kHz.  The one-way propagation, depending on the elevation angle of the satellite, ranges from the minimum 1 ms of 90 degree elevation angle, to 7-9 ms of near-horizon elevation angle. 

The link adaptation solution addresses the spectrum management needs for network basestations and relays to improve the spectrum efficiency of multi-band carrier aggregation systems and improve the network coverage of the system deployed with the minimum additional cost increment.  

Our LDPC decoder architecture adopts a highly parallelized and pipelined design to support both 5G Basegraph 1 and Basegraph 2 setups. By incorporating maximum iteration and early stopping mechanism, the system significantly boosts throughput performance and reduces processing latency. It delivers robust error correction capabilities for terrestrial basestations.